Which of the following statements are logically equivalent?
A. No S is P
B. No P is S
C. All S are non-P
D. All non-P are non-S
E. No S is non-P
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:निम्नलिखित में से कौन-से कथन तर्कतः समतुल्य हैं?
A. कोई S, P नहीं है
B. कोई P, S नहीं है
C. सभी S, अ-P हैं
D. सभी अ-P, अ-S हैं
E. कोई S, अ-P नहीं है
नीचे दिए गए विकल्पों में से सही उत्तर चुनिए:
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Correct answer: B. A, B and C onlyकेवल A, B और C
Explanation
'No S is P' (A) gives 'No P is S' (B) by conversion and 'All S are non-P' (C) by obversion, so A, B and C say the same thing. D ('All non-P are non-S') is not equivalent — the valid contrapositive of C is 'All P are non-S'. E ('No S is non-P') is the obverse of 'All S are P', the opposite claim. Hence A, B and C only.'कोई S, P नहीं है' (A) से परिवर्तन (conversion) द्वारा 'कोई P, S नहीं है' (B) और प्रतिवर्तन (obversion) द्वारा 'सभी S, अ-P हैं' (C) प्राप्त होता है, अतः A, B और C एक ही बात कहते हैं। D ('सभी अ-P, अ-S हैं') समतुल्य नहीं है — C का वैध प्रतिकथन 'सभी P, अ-S हैं' होगा। E ('कोई S, अ-P नहीं है') तो 'सभी S, P हैं' का प्रतिवर्तन है, जो विपरीत दावा है। अतः केवल A, B और C।More Logical Reasoning questions
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