Which of the following are essential characteristics of the middle term according to classical Indian Logicians:
(A) It must be present in minor term
(B) It must be present in all positive instances in which the major term is present.
(C) It must be absent in all negative instances in which the major term is absent.
(D) It must be incompatible with the minor term.
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:क्लासिकी भारतीय तर्कशास्त्रियों के अनुसार मध्य पद (हेतु) की निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सी अनिवार्य विशेषताएँ हैं?
(A) वह लघु पद (पक्ष) में अवश्य उपस्थित हो।
(B) वह उन सभी सकारात्मक दृष्टांतों में अवश्य उपस्थित हो जिनमें प्रमुख (साध्य) पद उपस्थित हो।
(C) वह उन सभी नकारात्मक दृष्टांतों में अवश्य अनुपस्थित हो जिनमें प्रमुख पद अनुपस्थित हो।
(D) वह लघु पद के साथ असंगत अवश्य हो।
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Correct answer: C. A, B, C Onlyकेवल A, B, C
Explanation
Nyāya lists the marks of a valid hetu: pakṣadharmatā – present in the minor term (A); sapakṣa-sattva – present in positive instances (B); vipakṣa-asattva – absent from negative instances (C); plus abādhitatva and asatpratipakṣatva (not contradicted). Being incompatible with the minor term (D) would make it a fallacious reason. Hence A, B, C only.न्याय के अनुसार वैध हेतु के लक्षण: पक्षधर्मता – पक्ष (लघु पद) में उपस्थिति (A); सपक्षसत्त्व – सकारात्मक दृष्टांतों में उपस्थिति (B); विपक्षासत्त्व – नकारात्मक दृष्टांतों में अनुपस्थिति (C); साथ ही अबाधितत्व और असत्प्रतिपक्षत्व। लघु पद से असंगत होना (D) हेतु को हेत्वाभास बना देगा। अतः केवल A, B, C।More Logical Reasoning questions
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