Which of the following relations can NOT be decomposed into BCNF with a lossless join and dependency-preserving decomposition?

1. AR(V, W, X, Y, Z) {VW → X, WX → V, VX → W, W → Y, Y → Z}
2. BR(V, W, X, Y, Z) {VW → W, X → Y}
3. CR(V, W, X, Y, Z) {VW → X, X → VY}
4. DR(V, W, X, Y, Z) {VW → X, X → Y, Y → Z, Z → V}

Pick an option to check yourself, or open the answer below.