Mock 1 – Cultural Studies

Wright, Sixguns and Society (1975), a Lévi-Straussian study, as summarised in Storey's Cultural Theory and Popular Culture.

Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model (1973).

Williams, Keywords (1976).

Fiske, Television Culture (1987): the financial and the cultural economy.

Eisenstein (1927–28) → Richter (1940) → Astruc (1948) → Farocki's As You See (1986) → Wenders' Notebook on Cities and Clothes (1989).

'The Photographic Message' is Barthes's (1961) and 'On Popular Music' Adorno's (1941).

The code of romance dominates, alongside personal and domestic life, fashion and beauty, and pop music.

Fiske (1987); Bowlby (1985); Ang (1985); Leavis (1932).

Berger (1972): 'men act and women appear.'

Graeme Turner makes this claim in British Cultural Studies: An Introduction (1990). Drawing on Althusser, Gramsci and Stuart Hall, he argues that cultural studies is centrally about how meanings are produced and naturalised in the interest of power. James Carey is known for the 'ritual view' of communication; Pavarotti is an opera singer and a pure distractor.

Lévi-Strauss used 'bricolage' in The Savage Mind (La Pensée sauvage, 1962) for the way mythical thought builds with whatever materials are at hand, like a handyman (bricoleur). Derrida later discussed it in 'Structure, Sign and Play', and Dick Hebdige applied it to subcultural style in Subculture (1979).

The word was first used by Kant and made central by Heidegger, who used it to criticise Western metaphysics for grounding Being in a supreme being. Derrida took the critique further through his attack on the 'metaphysics of presence'. Among the given options only Derrida is associated with the term, so option 1 is the intended answer.

Note: Strictly, Kant coined the term and Heidegger developed it; Derrida is the best answer among the options given.

Jeremy Bentham proposed the Panopticon (1787–91), a circular prison where one unseen inspector could watch every inmate, so prisoners would discipline themselves. The quoted phrase is from his preface. Foucault made the Panopticon a metaphor for modern disciplinary society in Discipline and Punish (1975); Alan Sheridan was that book's English translator.

Actor Network Theory (Bruno Latour, Michel Callon, John Law) treats humans and non-humans alike as 'actants' in networks and refuses a nature/culture divide — a 'flat ontology'. Posthumanism shares the anti-anthropocentric spirit, but 'actants' is ANT's own term. Cultural Materialism (Williams, Dollimore, Sinfield) is a Marxist approach to texts, and Adaptation Theory studies transfers between media.