Mock 17 – Cultural Studies & New Directions (Part 3)

Bakhtin's heteroglossia sets centripetal (official, unifying) against centrifugal (popular, dispersing) forces in language.

Hall directed the Birmingham CCCS (1968–79).

Bhabha (1994); Eliot (1948); Barthes (1977); Fiske (1989).

Ngũgĩ, Owuor Anyumba and Taban Lo Liyong rejected the assumption that English literature and its continuous tradition were the centre, and proposed a Department of African Literature and Languages with Africa and orature at its core.

Note: Options 1 and 4 were identical in the source; option 4 has been replaced.

The CCCS, founded by Hoggart in 1964.

Culture and Society (1958) traces the 'culture and society' tradition from Burke to Orwell, questioning its elitism and defining culture as 'a whole way of life'.

Bourdieu's cultural intermediaries stand between production and consumption — critics, publicists, fan communities — shaping taste and meaning. The director and producer are producers.

Per the key.

Note: Key doubtful: standard definitions of mass communication stress one (institutional) source reaching a large, dispersed audience, which supports option 1.

Hoggart's Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, Birmingham (1964).

Bourdieu, Distinction (1979): the 'new petite bourgeoisie' of advertising, media and design who mediate taste.

Cultural studies ('the circuit of culture') asks about production, access and consumption. Register is a linguistic or stylistic question.

Decolonising the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature (1986).

Baumgarten, Meditationes (1735) and Aesthetica (1750), 'the science of sensory cognition'.

Anderson's 'print-capitalism' (Imagined Communities, 1983).

Mulvey's 'male gaze' (1975) and Hall's model of preferred, negotiated and oppositional readings (1973/1980) are cultural-studies classics.

Horkheimer and Adorno, 'The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception' (1944).

Cultural studies and postcolonial theory (Gilroy, Appadurai) read forms as products of crossings and flows, which is why they cannot be confined to one culture.

Meanings vary across cultures, yet migration and globalisation make cultures porous and hybrid.

Per the key, Deborah Tannen, who popularised it in You Just Don't Understand (1990).

Note: The term predates Tannen (Cheris Kramarae, 1974); Tannen is the intended answer.

De Certeau (1980); Fiske (1989); Bourdieu (1979); Radway (1984).

Note: Options 2 and 4 are printed in a different letter order in the source; normalised.

The sociologist Roland Robertson ('Glocalization', 1995), adapting Japanese business usage (dochakuka).