Networking, Internet & Web — Mock Test 1

A protocol is an agreed set of rules (format, timing, error handling) that two parties follow to communicate — e.g. TCP, HTTP, FTP. Routing chooses a path, a layer is one level of a network model, and switching forwards data between links.

cellpadding sets the space inside a cell, between its border and its content. cellspacing sets the gap between neighbouring cells.

MVC = Model View Controller, a design pattern for web and GUI apps: the Model holds data and logic, the View displays it, and the Controller handles user input.

Guided (wired) media carry signals along a physical path: twisted pair, coaxial cable and optical fibre. Radio, microwave and infrared are unguided (wireless).

An empty (void) element has no content and no closing tag — e.g. <br>, <hr>, <img>, <input>. <h1> and <head> hold content and need closing tags.

MAN = Metropolitan Area Network: it covers a city or campus, bigger than a LAN and smaller than a WAN (e.g. a city cable-TV network).

NIC = Network Interface Card, the hardware that connects a computer to a network and holds its MAC address. It is sometimes also called a network interface controller, but 'card' is the standard expansion.

URL = Uniform Resource Locator, the address of a resource on the web, e.g. https://thebinarybrothers.com/htet/.

Circuit switching sets up a dedicated end-to-end path before any data flows and keeps it for the whole session, as in the old telephone network. Packet and message switching share links instead.

Network topologies include bus, star, ring, mesh, tree and hybrid. Stack is a data structure, not a topology.

All three are cloud computing: web applications run on remote servers, SaaS (Software as a Service) delivers software over the internet, and Software plus Services mixes local software with cloud services.

Video conferencing (Zoom, Google Meet and the like) lets people in different places see, hear and interact with each other live. Web hosting just stores websites on a server.

TCP sets up a connection (three-way handshake) before sending data and gives reliable, ordered delivery — a connection-oriented protocol. UDP is the connectionless one.

A style sheet (CSS) is a set of rules that controls how a document looks — fonts, colours, spacing, layout.

HTML tags are written inside angle brackets, e.g. <p> ... </p>.

The IP header checksum detects corruption in the header (such as a damaged destination address) so the packet is not delivered to the wrong host.

The internet grew out of ARPANET (1969), funded by the US Department of Defense for military research and communication.

Elastic traffic (e-mail, file transfer, web) adjusts to changes in delay and throughput and still works.

An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is the gateway through which users connect to the internet.

<b> opens bold and </b> (with a forward slash) closes it.

Unordered lists (<ul>) use bullets — disc, circle or square; ordered lists use numbers or letters.

Adobe GoLive was a WYSIWYG web-page editor and site-management (web publishing) tool.

The cloud service models are IaaS, PaaS and SaaS. 'System as a Service' is not a standard model.

Internet Explorer is a web browser. Yahoo, Google and Lycos are search engines.

<img src="photo.jpg" alt="..."> inserts an image.